Zone 1
Risk & Security

Key risks in crypto

Market risk

Market volatility is the rapid and unpredictable price movements of cryptocurrencies. Every market has volatility, including stocks, commodities and FX (foreign exchange/fiat currencies). Just tap on your favorite weather app and you’ll find one of the best examples of volatility. Everything is volatile to different degrees and crypto exhibits more volatility than most markets, but it’s the nature of markets. 

Just tap on your favorite weather app and you’ll find one of the best examples of volatility.
Everything is volatile to different degrees and crypto exhibits more volatility than most markets, but it’s the nature of markets. 

Naysayers and nocoiners tend to focus on volatility as if it only happens in crypto markets. People hear this volatility-heavy discourse on podcasts and conclude crypto is a bad investment (or technology) because its volatile. That’s the equivalent of hearing about stocks, gold and volatility all for the first time and never investing in stocks, for example, because they carry too much risk.

Volatility is a risk in all markets, but it gets disproportionately overblown in crypto at the expense of other risks. Furthermore, anyone who talks about volatility or any thing else crypto should have to disclose if they are a nocoiner (someone who has never used crypto). Anyone who doesn’t own crypto or hasn’t used crypto should keep their mouth shut with negative crypto commentary.

Crypto market volatility mitigation strategies

• Diversification – Spread investments across multiple cryptocurrencies to reduce the impact of a single asset's price movement. Most crypto prices typically move in tandem, but that will change over time.
  
  
• Stablecoins – Allocate a portion of your portfolio to stablecoins, which are pegged to fiat currencies. You can sell crypto and park the profits in stablecoins until you’re ready to buy the next crypto asset.
  
  
• Investment strategy – Determine your strategy or investing thesis. For example, a long-term buy and hold strategy won’t necessarily be impacted by volatility in the long run. This is true of any investment over a long time horizon.
  
  

Key Takeaway

Crypto volatility provides tremendous opportunities and conversely anyone can get rekt and lose significant assets. It’s a double edge sword so use it to your advantage while avoiding downside risk.

Cybersecurity threats

Cybersecurity is a critical concern in the crypto space due to the digital nature of cryptocurrencies. Hacks, phishing attacks, and malware can result in the loss of funds.

Crypto includes all the typical legacy cybersecurity threats plus a new set of risk arising from self-custody of crypto assets. For example, Alice knows she has to secure her bank login credentials, however her bank is responsible for the security of her funds and related information. Once Alice crosses over into crypto she is responsible for all her credentials, passwords, etc. and managing her own crypto assets. Managing your own assets comes with a new set of risks which explains why crypto risk management is the highest level game you can play.

Crypto security mitigation strategies

• Password managers (PMs) – Use this tool to store all site credentials. Password managers should be used for safeguarding all credentials inside and outside of crypto. It’s a broader security tool. Centralized exchanges, for example, still use usernames and passwords.
  
  
• Two-factor authentication (2FA) –  Enable 2FA on all crypto-related accounts to add an extra layer of security. 2FA is like a temporary code to access sites in addition to usernames and passwords. Only authenticator apps like Google Authenticator or Authy should be used for 2FA.
  
  
• Email addresses – Use different email addresses for usernames and communication. Don’t use the same email over again for all your accounts. Hackers assume you’ll do this and proceed to brute force access to your accounts. 
  
  

Key Takeaway

Do NOT use SMS (text messages) for 2FA. Hackers use SIM swap attacks to highjack your phone number and gain access to all your SMS 2FA enabled sites.

Fraud and scams

Hackers and scammers are lurking everywhere. They love crypto because transactions are essentially irreversible and crypto assets can be liquidated and moved around very quickly.

Transactions and addresses are pseudonymous in nature, but many hackers have been identified and brought to justice with various techniques.

In addition, because of the transparent nature of blockchains you can “follow the money” easily. Exchanges sometimes blacklist or freeze funds known to be part of scam.

Fraud and scam risk mitigation strategies

• Stay informed – Beware of email phishing schemes, social engineering and pig butchering. 

• Study articles – There are many breaking stories about scams and hacks so read every story. They often tell tales about what NOT to do and the mistakes that people make. 
• Education – The importance of crypto education can NOT be overemphasized. Continuous education is important for many reasons, but most importantly to increase your fraud and scam intelligence. Scammers and hackers are armed and ready to use social engineering to steal your crypto assets.
• Too good to be true - Avoid promises of safe, oversized and guaranteed investing returns. For example, XYZ trading guarantees 60% returns monthly with a very safe investment. This has red flags written all over it. Learn how to spot a crypto scam.
  
  

Key Takeaway

There are two ways to invest, a direct investment and investing with someone who invests the money on your behalf like a financial advisor. Anyone who takes your money is a fiduciary who is subject to licensing and regulation in every jurisdiction around the world. Never let anyone invest your money based on outlandish claims and no pedigree.

• Use regulated centralized exchanges in your jurisdiction. Always do your own research especially with decentralized finance (DeFi). DeFi is typically a direct investment that has its own set of risks and also tremendous opportunity.
  
  

Related: Top Crypto Fraud Risks and How to Avoid Them

Regulatory risks

The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is constantly evolving in every jurisdiction around the world. Changes in laws and regulations can impact the legality and value of cryptocurrencies. Surely you’ve heard the phrase, “news moves the markets.” This gets magnified in crypto and sometimes the market reaction to an obscure piece of news may not seem rational.

Crypto regulation risk mitigation strategies

• Stay informed – Regularly monitor regulatory developments in your region and globally which can be done by reading crypto news. U.S. crypto regulation has largely been in the realm of uncertainty, especially the U.S. SEC, for example, mostly from a startup, business and institutional perspective. The lack of clarity means businesses will migrate to a jurisdiction with more regulatory clarity. Basically, you can’t play a game effectively and win if there is no rulebook.

EXAMPLE
Many DeFi platforms simply exclude U.S. persons with geofencing techniques from a lack of regulatory clarity. Legal counsel tells their client it’s easier to exclude than take the risk of being in the crosshairs of the SEC. 

• Legal counsel - Consult with legal experts to navigate complex regulatory landscapes especially for business enterprises who are considering issuing a token.
• Accounting – Consult with CPA or CA specialists in digital assets, especially if you have complex transactions. You could be missing a judgment call on the application of tax regs which could wildly change the outcome of your tax liability.
  
  

Key Takeaway

CPAs who are both power users and specialize in crypto are rare and challenging to find. Some have waiting lists so do your research and develop relationships early.

Technical risks

Technical risks include issues related to the technology and processes used in apps and managing crypto assets. This can include software bugs and technical failures. Smart contracts are self-executing programs stored on smart contract-enabled blockchains. Decentralized finance and decentralized exchanges use smart contracts to eliminate third parties from the finance equation.

Money is now programmable thanks to smart contracts. In addition, DeFi apps are like modular finance or money legos that work in tandem with and built on top of one another. Every bank is essentially the same as every other bank competing with one another while DeFi is the complete opposite.

Smart contracts are like software written with programming languages. All software has bugs and smart contracts are no different. The question is always how significant are the bugs.

Crypto risk mitigation strategies

• Smart contract audits – Projects should disclose audits on their websites. Some apps get one or more audit to reduce the risk of significant bugs and provide assurance to users. Significant issues should be corrected by the developers and disclosed.
  
  

Key Takeaway

A smart contract audit does NOT guarantee an app is completely safe and operating as indented. An audit may identify bugs and provide recommendations, but the project developments may fail to make the corrections. In addition, many degens put funds into unaudited projects. You have to make the call on the amount of risk you are willing to take.

• Observe and wait – Let new protocols and apps get seasoned for several days or weeks so any issues have a chance to come to the surface. This doesn’t guarantee anything but a really bad bug is most likely to get exploited quickly. 

• Containerize – Manage risk by putting smaller asset amounts into new or unproven protocols. You can also add assets in tranches over time rather than aping in all at once.
  
  EXAMPLE
  Don’t put all your ETH bags into the latest greatest app because it promises juicy incentives and a big potential airdrop.

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